existence Of Good）。
（二） 東方人與西方人對(duì)知識(shí)的想法不同

Nonaka教授說，笛卡兒將個(gè)人視為他所處環(huán)境的局外人，個(gè)人站在環(huán)境之外來評(píng)論環(huán)境。相反地，日本哲學(xué)家 Kitaro Nishida將個(gè)人視為他所處環(huán)境的局內(nèi)人，認(rèn)為人與環(huán)境是一體的。他主張：“我愛，故我在”。（ I Love，therefore l am．）因此，應(yīng)讓許多個(gè)人齊聚一堂，生活在同一環(huán)境之中，透過“社會(huì)化”（socialization）過程，使大家能相互了解彼此的想法與感覺。大家應(yīng)彼此互信，相親相愛，且都須自我超越，以“大我”（ the larger self）之無私與大愛，彼此楫惜，而且毫無保留的相互交換“隱性知識(shí)”（tacit knowledge），要以真心彼此傾囊相授。大體上，日本人較注重“社會(huì)合作”（ social cooperation），而美國(guó)人則較強(qiáng)調(diào)“競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性個(gè)人主義”（competitive individualism）。更擴(kuò)大的說，東方人與西方人對(duì)知識(shí)看法之差異，可對(duì)照加以說明如下：

1．西方人（美國(guó)人）對(duì)知識(shí)的想法

（l）注重顯性知識(shí)（focus on explicit knowledge）
（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)重復(fù)使用（re-use）
（3）看重知識(shí)計(jì)劃（knowledge projects）
（4）重視知識(shí)市場(chǎng)（ knowledge markets）
（5）注重管理與衡量（management and measurement）
（6）重視近期利益（near－term gains）

Differences between Western and Eastern Ways of
Perceiving Knowledge

Don Cohen

In the U.S., most knowledge Practice focuses on collecting, distribution, re-using, and measuring existing codified knowledge and information. Practitioners often look to information technology to capture and distribute this explicit knowledge; firms measure success by near-term economic returns on knowledge investment. In Japan, knowledge creation receives more attention with an emphasis on developing conditions that favor the exchange of tacit knowledge between individual knowers, a social Process through which new knowledge develops. Success is measured by a long-term capability to succeed through innovation.

To further define what may be underlying drfferences between Western and Eastem ways of perceiving knowledge and human existence in general, Ikujiro Nonaka contrasts the Philosophies of Descartes and Nishida. To the Westem-Cartesian "I think, therefore I am" Nishida counters, "I love,therefore I am." Descartes conceives of the individual as Outside the -- an Observer standing apart from and evaluating his surroundings. Nisihida views the individual as inside the environment, an inseparable part of it.

Schematically, the U.S. -- Japanese contrasts, Which may represent a larger contrast between East and West look roughly like this;


2．東方人（日本人）對(duì)知識(shí)的想法

（1）注重隱性知識(shí)（ focus on tacit knowledge）
（2）強(qiáng)調(diào)創(chuàng)造（creation）
（3）看重知識(shí)文化（ knowledge cultures）
（4）重視知識(shí)群體（ knowledge communities）
（5）注重培育與愛心（nurturing and love）
（6）重視長(zhǎng)期優(yōu)勢(shì)（long－term advantage）

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